Football began in 1992, the reform did not establish a true sense of China's professional soccer system. The actual operation is a semi-professional, semi-government-run system. This hybrid system there are profound internal contradictions, not only did not focus on the advantages of two systems, but interfere with each other to create a variety of difficult issues. This is the development of Chinese football has yet to embark on the main track.
recent developments in China to create institutional change football opportunities. People should seize this opportunity to solve problems for many years the development of Chinese football institutional contradictions. In the process, of course, the Chinese football needs a comprehensive grasp of history and current situation, but more important is the need to draw heavily on the reform by more than 20 years open access to a market economy system reform knowledge. If you reject this knowledge, the experience only in the soccer house and turn on, it will be difficult to obtain a breakthrough in the development of ideas, institutional change is difficult to succeed. To get, one must out of football and, in the establishment and improvement of market economic point of view and analysis on institutional change football.
order to accurately grasp the status of Chinese football, must lead the two core elements of the Chinese football market economy and the government-run Sports mm have enough to understand. Here are the two dominant factors were analyzed.
market economy and the so-called professional sports professional sports, or as commercial sports, in fact, the market economy through the development of sport means . That being the case, professional sports as they should obey the general rules of market economy.
then the general rules of market economy, what is?
different from the planned economy, market economy and investment in the arrangements are not in accordance with the higher production instruction, but in accordance with market prices. they on their own terms, as selected areas of lucrative investment and production. In this case, if other conditions remain unchanged, a rise in the price of goods or services will attract more people to engage. Instead, prices fall, people will leave, to seek to develop other areas.
Therefore, the price, not the superior's instructions, in a market economy plays a central role , directly determines the allocation of state resources. consumer demand, through purchase of expression of the will, that is willing to accept a certain level of prices, to inform producers. Producer prices are based on consumer demand for information, to arrange production, goods or services for consumers. The principle of the process is very simple, but it can be very complex operation. However, it is because of the complex, people can enjoy a wide variety of goods and services.
modern society, both large and complex division of labor, professional categories are many, and has already exceeded the so-called �����ʮ��. Even a simple commodity production, such as a pencil, but also hundreds of people around the world need to collaborate to complete. Of course, they are not producing a pencil, but a considerable scale.
So, how to organize this collaborative production? by a central management agency instructions? planned economy, believed that the central competent authority organizational tasks. But practice shows that the centralized management of any institution can not do this complex organization. One can only use the price that seems to be this cold, coordination and organization. It should be noted that the allocation of resources when the price to play role, the market naturally in people's behavior for the pursuit of profit performance accordingly.
ancient times, for a market economy in the pursuit of profit this phenomenon, there are people who have been dissatisfied. They believe that this phenomenon is too vulgar, too impersonal, objective should be to replace the profits of the other objectives of this ruthless, such as career development, national prosperity, equality, beauty, art, knowledge, truth, and so on. The goal itself may be justified, but the problem is, these goals not necessarily all, or even necessarily desirable for most people. So, no matter what target is selected, and if in pursuit of that goal as the guiding principle, then certainly we must suppress those who are not interested in this goal the desire This will help to force, it is necessary to replace the instruction with the price of officials, that is, instead of the planned economy with market economy. this experiment it has been done more than enough. repeat meaningless.
the benefits of profit is acceptable for everyone. profit is actually a neutral objective is to achieve other goals. One may rely on their own profits earned in the market to pursue their own goals, so why should all it is a unity of purpose?
Therefore, the fundamental law of the market economy is to ask, or even force people to chase profits. all are called So, when people use the means of development of the sports market economy, or that the development of the sports industry when, in fact, is the development of sport as a means of pursuing profit. In this regard, the sports industry and other industries there is no difference. < br> to professional football, for example, the organizers of the league work, is to buy a ticket to attract more viewers, sell more souvenirs higher selling price of television rights, etc., etc., thousands million dollars are to earn more money. investors to establish equity club, but also to profit by operating the club. The coaches and players, the natural but also to get the highest possible wages. All this is not gradually developed a wide range of sports, people engaged in the exercise of these projects will not only exercise the body, but also felt fun and excitement. Later, the wise men found that certain sports such as football, not only in people find it interesting, bystanders would also be some satisfaction, some people are even willing to look on the opportunity to get paid. So, smart people who specifically for sports organizations to attract onlookers. game more exciting, to attract people the more income the more organizers. Later, income gradually stabilized, there have been specific and specialized athletes race organizers, who are called managers of professional sports and professional athletes. and they are the work, known as professional sports.
the only way to understand professional sports, professional sports people can understand the history of the development. The European system of professional football in many countries produced in the latter half of the 19th century. At that time did not have any important international between events, the purpose of professional football can only be established in order to chase profits. convinced many people in China's administrative bodies logic
Chinese Football Association is currently in the core of Chinese soccer system. Although this semi-official institutions of foreign claims to be semi-private, but people know that there is no doubt an official administrative body. the logic of their work and other administrative bodies is not any difference.
executive and survive in the market by the profits of the enterprise compared to the logic of work is fundamentally different. the difference is to evaluate the performance of the most important mechanism. the work of any institution personnel, their work effort and correctness, we need an assessment mechanism to measure. enterprises from the market assessment mechanism to price as the core. and living in the market other than the administration how to do? can not use price to measure their work , need other alternative measure.
advantage of price signals, which measure the best and most timely, most fully reflects the true wishes of consumers. consumers of goods or services have never been based only on the level of individual indicators. such as color TV sets for consumers to buy, not the screen the bigger the better, nor is it the more clear the better the image, nor is the price the lower the better, nor is it easy to buy the more the better, consumers according to their economic capacity, after considering several indicators to make their own choices. As for the consumer in the end what factors to consider, consider to what extent there is any demand for commodities, vary, very difficult to be summarized. but market allows consumers to producers do not have to complicated to introduce their own specific requirements, respectively, all of the requirements of the consumer can to inform producers.
if the market does not exist, such as in administration, the , which is proposed by the ruling administration to a single index, as measured by the standard. diligent person may make a few more indicators, but the more the indicators proposed, not as . And the more the indicators proposed to measure, compare, and supervision the higher the cost of the work. Therefore, in reality, are often indicators of administrative bodies both simple and crude. comic irony that the rodent results in order to collect mouse tail to measure. In fact, the administration and the reality of the actual implementation of the measure compared to the absurdity that is not the most ridiculous.
although not satisfactory alternative indicators, however, some government departments public services, such as defense and foreign affairs, the market can not provide, then, put this deficiency and to maintain the existence of these government departments, but also is an acceptable choice.
Football Association is also part of the executive agencies, they also To face the problem of the lack of measurable indicators, the same type of index to find a replacement. the one hand, this indicator is not too high running costs, but also the supervisors and the public can basically accept, believe that the indicators can effectively measure the results of their work .
Football Association found the target, and spent a lot of years, this indicator is Guo Zihao team in international competitions, especially the results of major international competitions.
I said before, is not any alternative indicators such as price signal is comprehensive, accurate, then the football field this proxy how? so that you?
this indicator is also not comprehensive, and accurate. Guo Zihao international league team and do not represent the level of development of Chinese football. It is a very one-sided targets.
To compensate for this deficiency, there are people who have called for adding new indicators, such as youth training efforts, the club management level, etc., but these indicators tend to be more difficult to quantify, difficult to monitor, the association can easily perfunctory in the past, such as urging the club false accounting. Therefore, in practice on the most important thing for the football team's performance this indicator Guo Zihao.
result, the Chinese Football Association's work lies in the core and center of gravity as possible Guo Zihao team from the competition to improve performance. even though they completed the work in this area is very bad, but worse is that the pursuit of achievements in order to achieve the purpose, to destroy them even at the expense of the development of football in China. To World Cup Olympics break any league is a typical example in this regard.
A. A history, because of dissatisfaction with the management of football clubs and the Football Association have conflict between the multiple, sometimes contradictory but also very intense. League will therefore be materially adversely affected. but as long as the same period the national team can still score, the association's position is unshakable. Only the national team failed, football will face a real crisis.
can see the work of the Chinese Football Association's logic is: work outside their goal is to promote the development of Chinese football, but in fact to improve the team's international competition Guo Zihao results as the real targets.
the basic contradictions of Chinese football in the government-run professional sports and sports organizations were analyzed after the beginning of this article referred to in the current football system in China will emerge a profound internal contradictions.
in the existing system, the investment professional league clubs are all affiliated companies. They invest in League, originally, and investment in other fields, in terms of profits as the goal. But the management of the league has chosen is not in the hands of investors, and this administration in the hands of the Chinese Football Association. Football is not the work targets a profit, they do not concerned about whether the league can create more wealth, nor do they care whether investors can get enough in return, they only care about the team's race results Guo Zihao whether it has been improved. Football League as a fact to help them improve performance, Further on in the career tool. investors doing? investors are forced to pay for the Football Association to pursue their goals.
This is the basic contradiction in the Chinese football.
the Football Association, the league is now services for the national team, so, on the one hand, as long as the results sufficient to meet the national team boss, Football Association to consider the objectives have been completed to improve the management level of the league mm that is not a simple matter mm but to muddle along, the results , resulting in endless Unfair; other hand, to national team, Football Association league even at the cost of damage, such as any disruption league, limiting the introduction of foreign players, the players somehow developed trading rules, forcing a fitness test and so on. This two aspects of behavior undermines the interests of investors make their investment returns should be difficult to obtain.
initial stage in the professional league, investors are driven by the passion of love of football, hopes to profit in the future This contradiction is not so sharp. In addition, advertising effects, and local government relations, the status of the investor's state-owned investors, among other factors also make the request for return is not so strong, however, over time, business increasingly The more a dominant factor, then, investors did not return the situation more intolerable, more and more intolerable their investments used by others without compensation. can not stop the intensification of contradictions.
fact, contradictory intensified that a positive fact: Chinese football system in which unreasonable condition. Clearly, any investment in a commercial area who will not tolerate similar behavior. few people invest in a business, would have to be used to make money, suddenly, a tyrannical government officials to win business management free of charge right one to achieve his purpose of wantonly squandering corporate resources, while also requires investors to continue funding. This, and the naked robbery is not essentially different. in the whole society to a market economy and rule of law today, it is particularly harsh. no reason to tolerate such a situation to arise. This basic conflict must be resolved soon. football despite broad interest, but that does not sacrifice fundamental to football just and right. Europe's ; has made a precedent for the world. football must obey the law and basic social system.
To eliminate this basic contradiction, there are two options.
First, following the General Administration of Sports of certain senior officials of the opinion Football Association of Chinese football management in maintaining a monopoly at the same time, the total abandonment of professional league to regain professional system. In this case, the association was to continue to pursue their own goals mm to improve the team's game results Guo Zihao mm opportunities also do not have to rely on other investors. Of course, when the General Administration of Sports will be responsible for paying for the Football Association, Football Association is to raise enough money.
may be made outstanding achievements in the Olympic Games, senior officials of General Administration of Sports the formation of a perception that giving up her career structure, professional system recovery in the past can still achieve good competition results in order to score political achievements mm in this regard, the General Administration of Sports and the Football Association has a high degree of agreement errors in mm this understanding is obvious The. hold on this understanding, only that senior officials of General Administration of Sport of extreme thinking behind the times, and even keep up with the reform system began in 1992 when the football.
results for the Olympic Games, a pattern can be found : China win the item, usually a professional system, individual system against other countries. As professional institutional investment in more resources, of course, greater chance of winning. But once the situation became a professional career structure system against other countries, the market economy in the unparalleled advantage in mobilizing resources to make China almost no chance of winning. In addition to women's volleyball outside of the traditional advantages of the project, China's largest project almost complete failure of the ball, this is not accidental. big ball of projects are usually large commercial potential suitable for carrying out professional sports.
now, even in the semi-professional system, the national annual total amount of funds invested hundreds of millions of football. abolished the professional system, all commercial advertising, sponsorship, direct investment will disappear, while those who work hard to earn money for playing outstanding natural athletes and coaches will find the other party. how to attract them to stay to continue in football? more importantly, how to make the parents who continue to be the next star sent to football practice, not play basketball, training hurdle? Sports Administration under contract for themselves such a heavy burden, their courage can be described as impressive. but football is the world's most fully professional sport. Sports Administration want to rely on expertise in this area against his country's system of vocational institutions, is tantamount to holding machetes and spears to tanks, combat aircraft, the results do not ask we can see.
Second, the Chinese Football Association to give up a monopoly on football management, from investors to establish their own professional league system. this system can be combined from several parties, can also play a leading role in the party. to the wide area of China, big market, in different regions and different levels, such a league system can exist even more. then the United States, there are three professional basketball league, through market competition, the final NBA pre-eminence. As long as there is competition in the market, what Unfair, high wages, the players do not work, reasonable fares, are can be resolved. professional league was sold to the audience called football merchandise. drawbacks can be summarized as such goods are not suited to market needs. As long as the normal market conditions, the output of goods sold is not a problem. As for the production market demand for commodities is not suitable for people who will get what in the end, not to mention the strike.
the development of Chinese football our minds
semi-professional, semi-government-run of the hybrid system not only created a lot of football in China the thorny issue of real , but also people's minds formed a considerable ideological confusion. even if the current progress in institutional change football, football in the further development of China's future also needs people to emancipate the mind, break the shackles of all kinds to fully open up space for the development.
first One problem is clear: in the end what is the real development of Chinese football?
Guo Zihao football team trying to achieve good results as the answer, we must admit that the answer really is a lot of people agree. these people claim : The role of the league should be to train forces for the national team. However, this idea is the development of football and the world in direct contradiction.
generally believed that the five major European football leagues represent the state of the development of more adequate. five league so, on Italy, Britain, the West's most successful league. but the results of three national team in recent years has been unsatisfactory, and their league is not commensurate with the level of development. But does that mean anything? that their league is not success? French national team in recent years have done quite well, but they almost all national team players of a team of the league force in other countries. Although, from experience point of view, with a high level league teams will definitely be one of the country, but In fact, the outstanding achievements of international competition in the country, often not those with the highest level league of countries, such as the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, South America, Brazil and Argentina. While the level of these countries the national team dominated the world, but it is the development of national league It is hard to compliment. can be seen between the level of league and national team what is in fact no direct link, not have a good team league will surely become the world's top teams. I even thought, particularly successful, over- The league will make a very intense player fatigue, but not conducive to the national team results. Think of the French 2002 World Cup team.
from another angle, if the league's role is to serve the national team, then just five league can be considered extreme failure. in major international competitions, often such a phenomenon, a country's national team defeated their opponents out of the league culture. There are numerous examples in this regard. This is not a traitor Qiurong it? Imagine, if a player in South Korea or Japan, China, leagues, by increasing the level of competition, and later in an important game in the first World Cup opponent is relying on the player beat the key performance Chinese team. At that time, domestic public opinion will be used in any comment? is unfortunate that the club will be denounced, and then called for the introduction of football to enhance the management and control of foreign aid?
say, if that host countries is to increase the national league team level, then the FIFA World Cup and for what? In order to improve the level of Earth's soccer team to beat in the universe Bowl football team do on Mars?
Therefore, China wants to develop football, we must first understand What is the true development of football. I think the real football development should at least include the following: Football in the social life of the growing influence, directly or indirectly engaged in this activity more and more people, the game exciting and improve and maintain the intensity, and so on. This is a very broad concept, not the national team's performance can be summed up and represented. However, in a market economy, all these elements can be indicators, that is football industry more and more wealth created.
Based on this understanding, we must restore the league's original state. league is intended to generate profits, making investors realize profits as much as possible, so that coaches The team so far as possible a satisfactory income. team league development results should only be a by-product, not the League's main product. If such a by-product of high quality, of course, very good. But if the quality is not so satisfied, we can not say what. League have never been to such a product exists. League's main product is a great race, organizers rely on the main product profitability. a league, if not profitable, the national team level will also be difficult to sustain high again. On the contrary, a league if lucrative, although it can not guarantee the level of the national team is world class, but the country's football will flourish, and the national team to score will not be as bad today This inferior position of Chinese football.
If we can establish the principles of the league to profit-oriented, you can achieve a breakthrough on many measures, the overall prosperity for the Chinese to create conditions for football. In this regard, perhaps take a look at the world's most successful experience in professional sports mmNBA.
profit-oriented, that is, interest-based audience, therefore, NBA's organizers are busy all day by all means to attract viewers. To this end, they even hesitate to modify the game rules: each half into four sections; prohibit defense, only allowed man to man; expanded from three point line; the offense 30 seconds to 24 seconds is not a hh of these practices to improve the U.S. national basketball team level. NBA interest in this little organizer. But without exception, these practices will increase the intensity of competition and confrontation, which can achieve the purpose of attracting viewers. NBA also does not consider the limit of foreign players, some players have even the United States team become a minority. And it is these grew up in the NBA foreign players in the Olympics beat the United States. If in accordance with the , who had special rules in order to attract viewers, such as the four control, 24 seconds, the last but was generally accepted around the world, eventually prevailing rules are modified basketball.
NBA seems a phenomenon rarely mentioned, that is, It seems the organizers do not believe that you are an American Basketball League. look at the profits they already have the world under the guidance of significance, not only the performance of foreign players in the NBA is no limit on the. Canada's team NBA campaign, NBA's games played in Japan and other countries, NBA is working on developing the Chinese market is the most symbolic hh, NBA championship it is called WORLD CHAMPIONS (world champion). This includes the self-confidence and open How can it be Yingyinggougou in official positions of the generation who can understand? of such self-confidence and open the market to give huge returns. Perhaps the U.S. national basketball team won the international competition is not always the champion, but the prosperity of the United States basketball is difficult indeed to aspire.
to many of China's population, regions covered, can be said to constitute a world in itself. beat South Korea beat Saudi Arabia, World Cup qualifying, the final 16 goals hh do to meet these little Chinese World football appetite? not enough! Chinese football people should break through all obstacles, whether it is ideological, or organization, whether domestic or international, using the means of the market economy, mobilize as many as possible resources, not only a large number of Chinese visitors to enjoy the highest level of football matches, but also for the development of world football to open up an unprecedented vast space.
of the Chinese Football League for a number of specific proposals as Football
League is such a complex system consisting of two levels of order. a heart condition as a basis for the order, including the autonomy of the club investment, income and so the legal protection system. The core need for the external forces to establish order. In After these core Zhixu established, the structure will form the framework of the league, the parties involved in this league within the framework of a voluntary coordinated manner, to continue to develop the league in specific order, such as competitions, rules, transfer of the rules, dispute handling mechanism, the referee system, etc..
pay more attention to the core of this order, because the Chinese football is the current performance of the so-called institutional weaknesses at the core rules are not complete and reasonable. As for the specific operation of the order, we must rely on stakeholder who interact with each other to form game. But as a person concerned about the Chinese football, I still want to mention in this regard some of their views, both for the parties to refer, but also take concrete actions to participate in the interactive game into.
(a ) transition as a good way to start all over again. Qianwen Yi said, the Football Association's work and the true sense of logic is a professional league out of tune. trying to coordinate between the two, the likelihood of success is small. Moreover, the existing investors is variable and persuade them to obtain their support, great difficulties. Therefore, the best way is to completely abandon the existing league resources, start all over again, and create a new, completely dominated by commercial principles of the league. the only way to completely get rid of government-run sports. if the league hopes within the system in an existing operation, not only costly, but it may still be a nondescript monster. to achieve League System is currently an active advocate of reform of the the two clubs as the backbone, and other means to focus on the acquisition of the domestic Super existing six to eight, in a team, and then a bold move, for South Korea, Japan to participate in at least each team. The new Super League (b) the establishment of high level management team. must be changed only by the status of retired football player management. to employ familiar with the law and market economy, business management, understand the dynamics of international football staff to manage the league. proposal from the five leagues in Europe, Japan J-League, and even recruited from high-level NBA executives.
(c) establishment of a multi-level league system, such as in Beijing, you can create the district as a unit of the city league. In this way, not only to establish the top league the personnel training system, and more professional players to create jobs, but also to a greater extent in mining profits.
(d) to increase the intensity of the introduction of foreign players, the best this league are accomplishing little World Cup.
(e) If the Football Association Super League continues to encourage the maintenance, waiting to see if those reforms are to remain in Super League, the Later, the status of those who can not be compared with the initiator. on the sidelines and not actively join the reform, but also risky.
Now some commentators cite some specific technical difficulties, saying that space lease, the relationship with FIFA, the introduction of the difficulties of foreign aid, etc., I think that the success of things, the key to the success of the operation of the market, as long as lucrative, the specific technical difficulties are difficult to solve. in the business world , capital is the most powerful weapons. Do not think this is dirty, the use of funds must rely on consensual transaction. This force others into submission than the officials who command more in line with fairness and justice.
grant a man a fish, as delegate to fish. recommended, after all, just a subjective imagination. in the end what the Chinese football will develop a specific running order, only by all the stakeholders to determine the practice. the market over the wisdom of the wisest scholars .20 years economic reforms to create economic development in China, great achievements in social progress. football is no exception, as long as professional football with a sound system of unlimited development of Chinese football.
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